The Law around Petroleum Exploration and Production in Australia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2785 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction Petroleum exploration and production in Australia is carried out between two participants the government (Commonwealth, States or Territory) that owns the petroleum resources; and the oil companies who explores and produces the oil and gas (petroleum). There are two main reasons why governments need Oil Companies, is risk capital which is very expensive, and their lack of expertise to carry out petroleum exploration and production work.[1] Petroleum is a composite mixture of naturally transpiring hydrocarbon compound, which ranging from gas to solid. Hydrocarbons are organic chemical compounds where carbon and hydrogen are combined together in many ways. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Law around Petroleum Exploration and Production in Australia" essay for you Create order When in its simplest configuration it is methane gas when it becomes heavier it will usually change from a gas to a fluid then to a solid (bitumen).[2] This is a case study and how the good standing in the bidding process of petroleum permits was altered in the year 2000. Gaining Exploration Permits In September 1996 a syndicate comprising Shell Development Australia P/L (Shell) as operator, Chevron Asiatic Ltd (Chevron) and Cultus Timor Sea Ltd (Cultus) (Consortium) discovered petroleum in the Cornea structure. A structure is where petroleum deposits are found in sedimentary rock, this rock is full of holes like a hard sponge. Petroleum is trapped in these holes under pressure and heat for millions of years.[3] To search for petroleum an exploration permit (EP) is needed, an EP is where an applicant bids for the right for exclusive rights to explore for petroleum in prescribed areas of land(Blocks), for a six year term renewal for five years (only renewable twice). If petroleu m is found a Production Licence (PL) or if currently unprofitable a Retention Lease is needed. An EP is issued to undertake the most comprehensive assessment of the areaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s petroleum potential, using best practice management principles, having regard to the environment and to safety.[4] The Consortium had a Block EP WA-241-P the press had ventured that this EP in Commonwealth waters off Western Australia, was potentially the largest petroleum find outside the Bass Strait. Offshore petroleum exploration is managed by a joint authority (JA) between the Commonwealth and the State and Territory governments. State and Territory legislation relating to exploration encompasses to the coastal waters of three nautical miles starting at the low tide coast line. The area past this border under Exclusive Economic Zone[5] allows exclusive right to economic activity to the extent of 200 nautical miles from the shore line and to the continental shelfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outer limit is regulated by Commonwealth legislation, which runs the activities and administration through the JA. All Territories and States have legislation that reflects the Commonwealth legislation.[6] New Blocks that were contiguous to the Consortium WA-241-P were gazetted for application with a closing date of 31/1/1997. The Government Gazette is the official publication to inform tenders/bidders listing specifications and conditions and the closing date of each tender after which bids are assessed and then awarded.[7] The Consortium made a bid three times greater than any other previous bid. Because they believed in their research that it would be productive. The Consortium was awarded the two EP WA-265-P and WA-266-P (WP) Blocks which were the contiguous to its WA-241-P. This was under the previous legislation of Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967-1985 (Cth) (PSLA). The Commonwealth has subsequently repealed that legislation and replaced it with the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse G as Storage Act 2006 (Cth) (OPGGSA) which commenced in 2008. The Mandatory Work Program Mandatory work programs benefit not only the applicants as they also provide the most comprehensive assessment of Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s petroleum potential and increases geological knowledge of Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offshore sedimentary basins.[8] If petroleum is discovered it will also provide worldwide interest in developing Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s petroleum resources. After the first year the Consortium assessment of WP was it was uncommercial, their analysis was high viscosity, thin rim of oil, with less than ten percent recoverable oil. High viscosity oil (bitumen) has been degraded from crude oil by erosion and bacteria. High viscosity oil is very resistance to flow at reservoir temperatures making it uncommercial at this time to mine.[9] The Consortium conceded their scientific bases for their bids were invalid. After using the best available science there is no sub stitute for actual drilling the wells. The Consortium applied that the second permit year to be suspended, and for the term of each permit to be extended by a similar period. This would allow them to stop work and give them time to be able to work out a way of not fulfilling any further obligations they have under their EP. The JA rejected the Consortium applications, their grounds were not considered to be force majeure. The term force majeure concerns the law of indemnity and is used in contracts to safeguard the participants in the occasion that a section of the contract canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be executed due to reasons that are beyond the power of the participants, such as physical disasters, that couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be avoided through the implementation of due care.[10] JA stands for joint authority,[11] membership for each State and Territory, consist of the responsible Commonwealth Minister and the relevant State or Territory Minister. The JA can delegate all or any of their powers and functions to appropriate State/Territory and Commonwealth department officials. Key functions and powers of the JA include: the release of exploration areas for offshore petroleum, evaluation of trade bids of these areas, refusal or granting and renewing of offshore petroleum titles, alteration of title conditions, extension and suspension to title terms and the cancelling of titles.[12] The Consortium drilled a further five wells and applied to surrender their permits, as the Consortium wished to obtain future contracts, and it didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t wish to comprise its good standing arrangements (GSA) with the Government. The Consortium didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t refuse to complete the mandatory work program and suffer the cancellation of the EP. A refusal could mean loss of GSA and costly long drawn out legal action and could have ramification for its present/future permits, not only with the Australian Government but they could lose face worldwide. This could als o make it very difficult with their other acreage if they were successful in finding productive fields they may find very difficult to obtain a petroleum production licence to harvest their find. Good Standing Arrangements Under S104 of the PSLA [now OPGGSA s 270 (6)] if the Consortium didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t complete the primary work program for the first three years they would have breached the EP conditions. At that time it was government policy to only surrender the EP and retain good-standing at the commencement of the fourth year after fulfilling the conditions once the first three years were completed. The Commonwealth maintains a GSA register, of all offshore petroleum joint authorities and records all evolvement against GSA agreements. Any miscarriage to comply with the terms of the GSA would cause the permittee and company directors, being recorded as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"not in good standingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with the JA for five years from the when the cancellation of t he permit was gazetted.[13] The federal minister responded to the Consortium in a negative manner stating it would not be consistent with maintaining the integrity of the work program bidding system, and the need of fairness to all companies exploring offshore. Offshore petroleum titles were granted on the system of work-programme bidding. This scheme allocates exploration acreage to applicants who are offering the greatest amount of work to investigate the petroleum capability of a release area. This is subject to having the financial and technical capability to comply with their work commitments.[14] Maintaining the integrity of the work program bidding system, with fairness to all companies exploring offshore, is an overriding concern of the Government.[15] Because of the impact the Consortium application to surrender their WP permits may have, the JA started proceedings to cancel the WP permits. As the Consortium didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t complete the primary work program for the first three years, it would be taken they had not complied with EP conditions regarding work.[16] The minister of state for territories, as the designated authority (DA) cancelled the WP permits on 10/12/1999.[17] The likely impact on the Consortium at that time would have meant loss of their GSA (Government policy at that time), costly long drawn out legal action and have ramification of its present/future permits. New Agreement on Good Standing Arrangements On 19/10/1999 the federal minister announced the Consortium had reached agreement with the Commonwealth and West Australian governments to maintain their GSA. Shell persuaded the government that thirty million dollars was their share of the cost of the remaining obligatory wells. They offered to spend that amount on exploration in areas not taken up in recent releases. Not all Blocks have companies that wish to explore them some have no bidders after tenders close, so Shell will spend the thirty million dollars on some of those Blocks. Chevron offered to spend seventeen and a half million dollars drilling additional wells on its other EP in lieu of completing its share of its WP outstanding leases. The Government could see the benefit in coming to these arrangements with Shell and Chevron. As the Australian Government is looking to achieve the most comprehensive assessment of Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s petroleum potential and increasing geological knowledge of Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offshore sedimentary basins.[18] To maximise the financial value of Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s petroleum resources, supply Australians with a dependable supply of competitively valued energy and at the same time ensuring a suitable return to Australians for the depleting of these non-renewable resources.[19] Australia has an active policy to attract international investment, and seeks to encourage and retain investment from international oil companies.[20] Both Shell and Chevron has provided considerable risk c apital previously and it is in the Australian Government best interest to continue to have them as bidders in the future. There isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t a large amount of companies wishing to risk a large amount of risk capital in Australia as it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t obtain a bidder for some of its blocks. The outcome of these negotiations by Shell and Chevron became embodied as an amendment to the PSLA in 2000, then was Offshore Petroleum Act 2006 (Cth) s 84 (2) and now OPGGSA s 106 (2). Before this amendment to the PSLA in 2000 the JA had no discretion to negotiate an agreement so as a defaulter not be placed on the banned list for GSA. Since the amendment the JA can now negotiate with permit holders to ensure that they are not placed on the banned list. GSA is the consideration of the assessment of the applicants past performance for an EP. Being recorded as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"not in good standingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ would mean the permittee would be banned from holding an EP for fiv e years. A full list of GSA guidelines can be found under Exploration Permit Guideline: Permit Conditions and Administration (2012) s 5.[21] Ranking of multiple applicants for work-bid petroleum exploration permit, is the negotiation held between the permittee and the JA to prevent being recorded as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"not in good standingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, all of the negotiation guidelines are laid out in the OPGGSA.[22] Conclusion The association involving the Oil Companies and the governments of Australia is one where they both have different reasons for coming together to explore for Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s petroleum resources. For the Oil Companies it is profit, so for them they want to spend the least amount of their funds for maximum amount of profit for their company and shareholders. This is why governments of Australia have to be very careful when dealing with Oil Companies especially in the areas of safety and the environment. Even when Governments lay down laws and regulations to control safety and the environment Oil Companies take short cuts and donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t follow safety regulations. Look at the BP Deepwater Horizon accident in the Gulf of Mexico, where people have been killed and injured, and environment ruined.[23] Where Governments have different priorities, they look to develop Petroleum benefit of current and future Australians. This includes revenue, many other related businesses and employment. This study shows how both Oil Companies and Governments need each other for their own goals. When problems occur there is a need for common sense and both parties need to work together to find a solution.[24] Bibliography A Articles/Books/Reports The APPEA Journal, [2003] David Maloney, Australias Offshore Petroleum Work Program Bidding System [2008] Journal of Natural Resources 127 Hunter Tina and John Chandler, Petroleum Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013) B Case Law C Legislation Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967-1985 (Cth) Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 (Cth) D Treaties E Other Australian Government Gazettes, AusTender (2013) https://australia.gov.au/publications/australian-government-gazettes Commonwealth Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Exploration Permit Guideline: Permit Conditions and Administration (2012) https://www.nopta.gov.au/_documents/guidelines/PermitConditionsAdministration.pdf Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Australian Petroleum News (October 2010) https://www.innovation.gov.au/resource/Documents/upstream-petroleum/apn/APN%20Oct%202010.pdf Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Competitive Cash Bidding System (2013) https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1ved=0CEIQFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovation.gov.au%2Fresource%2FDocuments%2Fupstream-petroleum%2FCash-Bidding-Fact-Sheet.docei=t9PdUtjfMsaLkwW8yICIAgusg=AFQjCNGNRcGMMNLx5NYwdi7Ct_HquJ8tEQbvm=bv.595 68121,d.dGI Encyclopedia of Earth, Deepwater Horizon Disaster (December 2010) https://www.eoearth.org/view/article/161185/ Energy Task Force, Securing Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Energy Future (2004) https://www.efa.com.au/Library/CthEnergyWhitePaper.pdf Farlex, The Free Legal Dictionary (January 2014) https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Force+Majeure Government of Western Australia, Petroleum Exploration Permits (3 July 2013) https://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/1691.aspx Kansas Geological Survey, Energy Research (June 2008) https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/Sub9/page2.html LexisNexis, Minerals Exploration and Prospecting (11 August 2011) https://www.lexisnexis.com.au/pdf/exploration.pdf National Offshore Petroleum Titles Administrator, Joint Authority (January 2012) https://www.nopta.gov.au/joint_authority.html United Nations, Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) a 56 https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_over view_convention.htm U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 70-03 Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen (August 2003) https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs070-03/fs070-03.html 1 [1] Tina Hunter and John Chandler, Petroleum Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013) 14. [2] Ibid 2-3. [3] Kansas Geological Survey, Energy Research (June 2008) https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/Sub9/page2.html. [4] Government of Western Australia, Petroleum Exploration Permits (3 July 2013) https://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/1691.aspx. [5] United Nations, Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) a 56 https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm. [6] LexisNexis, Minerals Exploration and Prospecting (11 August 2011) https://www.lexisnexis.com.au/pdf/exploration.pdf. [7] Australian Government Gazettes, AusTender (2013) https://australia.gov.au/publications/australian-government-gazettes. [8] Government of Western Australia, Petroleum Exploration Permits (3 July 2013) https://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/1691.aspx. [9] U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 70-03 Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen (August 2003) https://pu bs.usgs.gov/fs/fs070-03/fs070-03.html. [10] Farlex, The Free Legal Dictionary (January 2014) https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Force+Majeure. [11] Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 (Cth) s 56. [12] National Offshore Petroleum Titles Administrator, Joint Authority (January 2012) https://www.nopta.gov.au/joint_authority.html. [13] Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Australian Petroleum News (October 2010) https://www.innovation.gov.au/resource/Documents/upstream-petroleum/apn/APN Oct 2010.pdf. [14] Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Competitive Cash Bidding System (2013) https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1ved=0CEIQFjAAurl=https://www.innovation.gov.au/resource/Documents/upstream-petroleum/Cash-Bidding-Fact-Sheet.docei=t9PdUtjfMsaLkwW8yICIAgusg=AFQjCNGNRcGMMNLx5NYwdi7Ct_HquJ8tEQbvm=bv.59568121,d.dGI. [15] The APPEA Journal, Volume 43 (2003) https://www.appea.com.au/industry-in-depth/appea- submissions-and-reports/appea-journal/. [16] Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967-1985 (Cth) s 104. [17] Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967-1985 (Cth) s 105 (1) (e). [18] Government of Western Australia, Petroleum Exploration Permits (3 July 2013) https://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/1691.aspx. [19] Energy Task Force, Securing Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Energy Future (2004) https://www.efa.com.au/Library/CthEnergyWhitePaper.pdf. [20] David Maloney, Australias Offshore Petroleum Work Program Bidding System (2008) 21 Journal of Natural Resources 127. [21] Commonwealth Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Exploration Permit Guideline: Permit Conditions and Administration (2012) https://www.nopta.gov.au/_documents/guidelines/PermitConditionsAdministration.pdf. [22] Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 (Cth) s 106. [23] Encyclopedia of Earth, Deepwater Horizon Disaster (December 2010) https://www.eoearth.org/view/article/161185/. [24] Tina Hunter and John Chandler, Petroleum Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013).

Counseling Research - 1570 Words

Analyzing Interventions: Solution Focused Brief Therapy Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to show how using different research methods such as: quantitative, qualitative, single-case designs, action research, and outcome-based research is used to form an intervention focused on an adolescent with any kind of phobia based on the Solution-Focused Brief therapy. Not to retract in time, but to help the client come up with a possible solution of their phobia within a short amount of time. Different researches show the different ways and strategies of information gained by different counselors. Discuss the importance using research to advance the counseling profession (2 paragraphs) There are many things that research brings to the†¦show more content†¦Looking at what earlier researches psychologists have done in their interventions will also help guide my practice. Something very interesting that I noticed in this research was that they were very aware about the client’s culture (multicultural) background in order to be able to understand how they would attend them best. Provide a summary of the state of research as it relates to your topic of interest. (1-2 pages) As noticed in my articles I wasn’t focused on a specific type of phobia but just all in general. I found this topic to be important to me because my mom happens to have phobia of snakes and gets these â€Å"anxious† attacks that as I was reading in the articles it’s a common sign in most patients. First thing I saw in relation to my topic is that in order to have a successful care the patient needs to be willing to try the things the counselors ask, but most of all is to establish that trust between counselor and client. Start with little steps at a time where the client starts achieving small goals at a time to eventually decrease to loose the phobia completely. 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Mayan Civilization and ruins Free Essays

Since the dawn of mankind, there has always been civilizations have that have made a lasting impression on the world. There very few civilizations that have been that have achieved the term greatness associated with it and ‘Mayan civilization’ is one of the rare few. It can be dubbed as one of the longest serving civilizations of the ancient times as it is noted that it started around 1000 B. We will write a custom essay sample on Mayan Civilization and ruins or any similar topic only for you Order Now C but ended by 1500 A.D. It was considered as they were one of the most advance civilizations on the western hemisphere until the arrival of the Europeans. This civilization was located in Central America and was found from the north central down to the southern part of Mexico. This was a civilization that went through periodical changes in its living due to external factors associated with it. This Native American culture is noted in the history as one of the advance civilizations of that era. There has been a popular belief that has been associated with the Mayan civilization that it was an amalgamated empire. In actual terms it was a whole host of divided units having a common cultural background. The entire ‘Yucantan Pennisula’ had around 20 states which were all ruled by different sovereign leadership, but on an inventive logic, they were a nation on their own with religion being an important aspect of their lives. Since the Mayan civilization was spread on a large area, the geographical conditions for the civilization varied with extremities, which can adjudged from the fact they had volcanic mountains from the highlands in the south to porous limestone areas dominating the central and the northern regions of the civilization. Mayan civilization can be categorized into three categories, pre-classic period, classic period and post classic period. The entire culture has revolved and evolved around these three periods. The civilization had huge forests and because of the diversity of the topographical situation of the civilization, varied no of animals like the ‘caiman’, a fierce kind of crocodile to different kinds of monkeys was found. Mayan pre classic period This was supposed to be the period of formulation in which the population boomed and new innovative techniques were made for agriculture. The leaders were chosen from strong spiritual backgrounds and it was considered as that the lowlands of the civilization held acute importance because it was supposed to be a ceremonial centre. The following will explain the Mayan professional inclinations and techniques: ‘In the Preclassic period, they adopted intensive farming techniques such as continuous cultivation involving crop rotation and fertilizers, household gardens, and terraces. In some areas, they built raised fields in seasonal swamps. Their main crops included maize (corn), beans, squash, avocados, chili peppers, pineapples, papayas, and cacao, which was made into a chocolate drink with water and hot chilies. Rabbits, deer, and turkeys were hunted for making stews. Fishing also supplied part of their diet. Turkeys, ducks, and dogs were kept as domesticated animals. When they were not hunting, fishing, or in the fields, Maya men made stone tools, clay figurines, jade carvings, ropes, baskets, and mats. The women made painted pottery vessels out of coiled strands of clay, and they wove ponchos, men’s loincloths’ (Encarta) Mayans were very much influenced by spirituality and had gods for almost every thing that even included gods for rains, good harvest. As time passed by the study of astronomy became popular in that era leading to studies of astrology on the basis of sun moon and other planets. Major edifices were constructed then like ‘kaminaljuyu’ and ‘tikal’ were constructed which were pyramid shaped high temples, where the system of sacrifice was started to be used. More and more massive pyramids started building in that era and the priests started enjoying super powers. Women weren’t that important from political point of view and it was a very rare sight to see women on top chieftain positions. Mayan Classic period This was an era of the Mayan civilization that can be considered as its prime era and here the system of king and kingship started which had a system of the king’s family continuing as future leaders. There was also a hierarchical system in which the government functioned.   There was major research done in the field of medicine and writing was developed extensively. The subject of astronomy had become more enhance with calculative movements predicting rains to fortune to the cities.   This was the time when societies had turned into complex models the king was noted the highest figure after which there were the priests and then the nobles who mainly responsible for protecting land and attacking enemies. This was the time of more gore and violence and mini wars were constantly waged between one and other. What mad this era special was the Mayan civilization themselves started noting rituals and their history with their elaborative writing skills. The transition of power from generations to ethical rituals along with its architectural secrets was all jotted down on stone and wood. Later on folding tree books were made as they were more handy then carrying stones. Due to the high humidity and invasions, these books didn’t survive and only 4 books are known today, i.e., the Dresden codex, the Madud coded, the Paris codex and the Grolier codex. The learning also was limited to mostly priests and few nobles and a monopoly was played so that only few people could learn and use their knowledge on others. The writing also consisted of mostly pictures and pictography was first devised by Mayan civilization for learning purposes. This was also an important era that marked trade as an important aspect of the civilization. Sacrifice was an important aspect for the culture and the following would hard line the fact of Mayan civilizations involvement in sacrifices:‘Indian pictorial texts known as â€Å"codices,† as well as Spanish accounts from the time, quote Indians as describing multiple forms of human sacrifice. Victims had their hearts cut out or were decapitated, shot full of arrows, clawed, sliced to death, stoned, crushed, skinned, buried alive or tossed from the tops of temples. Children were said to be frequent victims, in part because they were considered pure and unspoiled. The first researchers tried to make a distinction between the ‘peaceful’ Maya and the ‘brutal’ cultures of central Mexico and But in carvings and mural paintings, he said, â€Å"we have now found more and greater similarities between the Aztecs and Mayas,† including a Maya ceremony in which a grotesquely costumed priest is shown pulling the entrails from a bound and apparently living sacrificial victim’ (Mark Stevenson). Mayan post Classic period This can be considered as a time when the decline of the Mayan civilization started step by step. Since the governments had become much segmented, there was more violence and war during that phase, where entire villages would get destroyed in the name of war. There was also the Toltec domination followed by Spanish invaders taking over Mexico by the early 16th century.   This was however the phase of having plastered walls and painted murals. Socially the civilization had peaked and it was mandatory for guests to bring in gifts while visits. Slave culture flourished in this era and slaves which were mostly people who were captured from wars were highly mistreated and often sacrificed after their masters dies, as they had an ideology that they would serve their masters in afterlife. Mayan Ruins Ruins of Mayan civilization can still be found it the entire peninsula. Their culture had so many architectural advancements that it is today possible to watch quiet a lot of their ruins and gather more information about them. Ruins like ‘the temple of the inscriptions’ in Mexico and the ‘palenque’ are very prominent ruins of the civilization. The former rises 75 feet and it is rested neatly over a hill and is one of the prime examples free standing pyramids. Another site in Mexico located in Coba, was built around 4 large lake structures and had been inhabitant for more than thousand years. The biggest pyramid of that site 120 feet and is known as Nohoch Mul. The following piece will explain the beauty and architectural genius of the civilization: ‘Miguel à ngel Asturias, named Nobel Laureate in 1967, wrote â€Å"Only Guatemala is comparable to itself,† describing it as â€Å"a land of natural dreamscapes†¦mysterious presences and absences.† Tikal, the largest known Mayan city, is incomparable in the same way; its size imposing and intimidating, its setting lush and teeming with wildlife, and with a mysterious and overwhelming atmosphere best described in the writing of Asturias’ Works Cited: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Encarta, â€Å" Mayan civilization†. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mark Stevenson, â€Å"Evidence may back human sacrifice claims†. http://www.livescience.com/history/human_sacrifice_050123.html 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maya Ruins, â€Å"Photos of Tikal†. http://www.mayaruins.com/tikal.html 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologic7/Ruins_of_the_Maya_Civilization.htm                      How to cite Mayan Civilization and ruins, Essay examples

Philippine Revolution and Prime Minister free essay sample

Laurel, president of the second Philippine Republic. He was born to a family whose illustrious lineage spans generations of nationalists who distinguished themselves as public servants. His grandfather, Judge Store Remorseful Laurel was a delegate to the Mallows Congress and Secretary of the Interior in the first Philippine Revolutionary government under President Emilio Continual. He first enrolled at Centre Escalator De Senoritas (1933-35) then Pace Elementary School (1935-?36) followed by Just Lusaka Elementary School (1936-1937) and he graduated from elementary at Atone De Manila in 1 941.He graduated from high school at De La Sale College High School in 1946. Dove father wanted him to experience a public school education so he enrolled him first in the Pace Elementary School (1935-36) and then the Just Lusaka Elementary School (1936-37). In June 1937 he was admitted to the Jesuit-run Atone De Manila Grade School. During the Japanese occupation Atone De Manila was closed down by the Japanese for the reason that it was run by Americans. This prompted Laurel to enroll in De La Sale High School also located in Manila.On September 27, 1 941 , on his first year in high school, e received 2nd honors with a general average of 93. 4. Barely three months later had his studies come to an abrupt halt with the outbreak of World War II on December 8, 1941. Cesar E. A Viral, Vice Chairman He was former Prime Minister of the Philippines from 1981-1986 under the Interim Batsman Bananas and the Regular Batsman Bananas. One of the Philippines business leaders and leading technocrats, he served as Finance Minister from 1 970 during the Marcos regime and also through election became Prime Minister in 1981.He concurrently was Finance Minister throughout the asss. He is the grandnephew Of the first Philippine President, Emilio Continual. He had a term as Minister of Finance from 1970 to 1986. It was during this time that the Philippines became economically strong through healthy trade and budgetary surpluses. However, other studies show budgetary deficits during the same period (BIDS, Budget Deficits, 2004, particularly during the later years of the Marcos regime.These deficits were precipitated by the oil crises and the mass protests against the Marcos regime (supported by the international financial community) following the assassination of opposition leader Benign Aquinas Jar. He was replaced as prime minister, eventually through revolution, by Salvador Laurel. Laurel became the Prime Minister on February 25, 1986, through the appointment of Carbon Aquinas. The position was abolished one month later by Proclamation No. 3 of Aquinas, and confirmed later by the 1987 Constitution.He is married to Phyllis Joy Gambol, a popular stage actress, and has three children: Steven Cesar, a businessman, Gillian Joyce, an international policy analyst, and Michael Dean, a doctor specializing in infectious diseases. He holds an MBA room the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Viral is also an accomplished tennis player. 2. Main Topic and Summary Philippine Revolution: The Making of a Nation The main stream of influx of revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century when the country was opened for world trade.In 1809, first English firms were established in Manila followed by a royal decree in 1834 opening the city officially to world trade. Philippines was formerly only tied to Mexico from 1 565 when galleon trade become the prominent means of economy. The use of galleons ended in 181 5 when Mexican War of Independence broke pat this point, post-French Revolution ideas entered the county through literature, which caused the rise of enlightened Illustrate class in the society-The 1 868 Spanish Revolution brought to an end of the autocratic rule of Queen Isabella II and was replaced by a liberal government led by General Francisco Serrate.Serrate dispatched the 91st governor, general Carols Maria De la Tore in 1869. The leadership of De la Tore has brought the idea of liberalism in the Philippines. That same year, in 1869, the Suez Canal was opened to the world after almost ten years of instruction. The election of despot Madame of Savoy to the throne of Spain led to replacement of De la Tore in gubernatorial power in 1871. In 1872, the govern meet of the succeeding governor-general Rafael De Queried was leashed by a blo ody uprising of Filipino soldiers at the Fort San Feline arsenal in Cavity el Viejo. Seven days after the mutiny, many people were arrested and tried in courtroom. Three of these victims were secular priests: Joss Burros, Marino GÂ ¶meg and friar Action Somoza who were hanged and executed by Spanish authorities in Bogyman. The execution Of the priests, later known in history as the COMBINING, became the conditional thrust to many Filipinos to announce the abuse of colonial authorities. Many Filipinos who were not executed and were arrested for possible rebellion charges were deported to many Spanish penal colonies.Some of them, however, managed to escape to Hong Kong Yashmak, Singapore, Paris, London, Berlin, and some parts of Spain. These people met fellow Filipino students and other exiles who had escaped from penal colonies. Thrown together by common fate, they established a common organization known as the Propaganda Movement. These magis used their writings mainly to condemn Spanish abuses and seek reforms to the colonial government-Joss Racals novels, Noel Me Tanager (Touch Me Not, 1887) and El Filibusterers (The Filibuster, 1 891 ), exposed Spanish abuses in socio-political and religious aspects.The publication of his first novel brought the infamous agrarian conflict in his hometown Callable, Laguna in 1888 when Dominican haciendas fell into trouble of submitting government taxes. In 1892, Racial, after his return from the Americas, established the La Alga Filipino (The Filipino League), a Filipino association organized to seek reforms from the colonial government. When the Spaniards learned that their haunted writer Was in the Philippines, they arrested and deported Racial a few days after the gig was established.The deportation of the Alga marked the dissolution of the organization. It was peaceful struggle to reform ended and was replaced by more aggressive one. On the night upon hearing the news t hat Racial was deported to Adaptation, Alga member Ands Boniface and his fellows established a secret organization named Justinian in a house in Tendon, Manila. The Justinian reached an overwhelming membership and attracted almost the lowly of the Filipino class. In June 1896, Boniface sent an emissary to Adaptation to reach Racals support, but the latter refused for an armed revolution.On August 19, 1896, Justinian was discovered by a Spanish friar, which started the Philippine Revolution-The revolution flared up initially into the eight provinces of Central Luzon. General Emilio Continual, a member of the Justinian, spread an armed resistance through Southern Toga region where he liberated Cavity towns little by little. In 1896 and 1897, successive conventions at Emus and Testers decided the new republics fate. By November, the republic was transferred in Bias-an-Boat, where a new constitution was ratified.On May 1, 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay took place as part of the Spanish-American War. On May 24, Continual, who had returned from voluntary exile on May 19, announced in Cavity, I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, On 12 June, Continual proclaimed Philippine independence On 18 June, Continual issued a decree proclaiming a Dictatorial Government headed by himself.